English Children's Literature(Week Seventeen)

1.7.2016
Week 17: The Secret Garden



1. Introduction
The Secret Garden is a novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett. It was initially published in serial format starting in the autumn of 1910, and was first published in its entirety in 1911. It is now one of Burnett's most popular novels, and is considered to be a classic of English children's literature. Several stage and film adaptations have been produced.

Mary Lennox is a very troubled, sickly, and unloved 10-year-old girl who was born in India to selfish, wealthy British parents who never wanted her and were too wrapped up in their own lives to love or care about her. She was taken care of primarily by servants, who pacified her as much as possible to keep her out of her parents' way. Spoiled and selfish, she is aggressive, surly, rude, and obstinate. Later, there is a cholera epidemic which hits India and kills her parents and all the servants. She is discovered alone but alive after the house is empty. She briefly lives with an English clergyman and his family and is then sent to Yorkshire, England, to live with Archibald Craven, an uncle she has never met, at his home called Misselthwaite Manor.



2. Frances Hodgson Burnett
Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett (24 November 1849 – 29 October 1924) was an American-English novelist and playwright. She is best known for the three children's novels Little Lord Fauntleroy (published in 1885–1886), A Little Princess (1905), and The Secret Garden (1911).

Frances Eliza Hodgson was born in Cheetham, England. After her father died in 1852, the family fell on straitened circumstances and in 1865 immigrated to the United States, settling near Knoxville, Tennessee. There Frances began writing to help earn money for the family, publishing stories in magazines from the age of 19. In 1870 her mother died, and in 1872 Frances married Swan Burnett, who became a medical doctor. The Burnetts lived for two years in Paris, where their two sons were born, before returning to the United States to live in Washington, D.C., Burnett then began to write novels, the first of which (That Lass o' Lowrie's), was published to good reviews. Little Lord Fauntleroy was published in 1886 and made her a popular writer of children's fiction, although her romantic adult novels written in the 1890s were also popular. She wrote and helped to produce stage versions of Little Lord Fauntleroy and A Little Princess.

3. Something in common about English Children's Literature
(1) 主人公(protagonist) 往往孤獨無依，擁有孤獨的心靈。
      e.g. Harry Potter(Harry Potter), Dorothy(The Wonderful Wizard of Oz), Mary Lenox(The Secret Garden), Peter Rabbit , March girls(Little Women)...

(2)  What is children literature? What is it for?

• The function of writer is to make sense of life.
• Literature is not expected to reform but to help us understand.
• Literature offers many kinds of human motives.
• We read for pleasure.

4. The Catcher in the Rye
The Catcher in the Rye is a 1951 novel by J. D. Salinger. A controversial novel originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation. It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages. Around 250,000 copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books. The novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.The novel also deals with complex issues of identity, belonging, loss, and connection.

*Famous quote: The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one.

*Finding Forrester (2000)
Although the film is not based on a true story, film critics have compared the character portrayed by Connery with real life writer J.D. Salinger. Connery later acknowledged that the inspiration for his role was indeed Salinger.

5. "Youth"
For years, Samuel Ullman (1840-1924) and his prose poem "Youth" have been known and admired by the Japanese because of General MacArthur . However, both the man and his work are largely unknown in the United States, even in Birmingham where he spent the last forty years of his life in service to the community.

(see more information)

"YOUTH" 

Samuel Ullman

Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.

Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.

Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.

Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing child-like appetite of what's next, and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.


When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at twenty, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch the waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at eighty.

6. Bildungsroman 
In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman, novel of formation, novel of education, or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which, therefore, character change is extremely important.

8. Vocabulary&Phrases
(1) whisper sth to sb       對某人耳語
(2) aunt's words in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (bible)
      spare the rod and spile(spoil) the child      
     the lord's truth
     the Good Book                                                  
     the Scripture
(3) cliff       懸崖
(4) keep peck at   找麻煩
(5) tiresome and lonesome    無聊寂寞
(6) mournful        哀悼的
(7) owl                 貓頭鷹
(8) almost break my neck  狗吃屎
(9) a red-hunting hat
(10) a third omniscient point of view  全知視角
(11) run-away anti-hero     反英雄形象
(12) stretcher       誇張
(13) civilize         教化
(14) disagreeable 令人厭惡的
(15) manor           荒院大宅
(16) a sour expression   尖酸刻薄的言語
(17) Ayah             菲傭

English Children's Literature(Week Sixteen)

12.31.2015
Week 16: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer



1. Introduction
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived.

*The Article from Ms. T. Sara Sun




2. Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "The Great American Novel".
*The "Great American Novel" is the concept of a novel that shows the culture of the United States of America at a specific time. 

Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brother, Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
*His becoming a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River--Twain

Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it", too. He died the day after the comet returned. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age", and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature".

3. Literary realism&Initiation& Bildungsroman
(1) Literary realism is part of the realist art movement beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal), and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin) and extending to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Literary realism, in contrast to idealism, attempts to represent familiar things as they are. Realist authors chose to depict everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of using a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation. Literary critic Ian Watt, however, dates the origins of realism in United Kingdom to the early 18th-century novel. Subsequent related developments in the arts are naturalism, social realism, and in the 1930s, socialist realism.

Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge (1872)

(2) Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Hindu diksha, Christian baptism or confirmation, Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, acceptance into a fraternal organization, secret society or religious order, or graduation from school or recruit training. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as those depicted in these pictures, is called an initiate.
*往往是主角開始一段旅程，受到啟迪，人性發生變化，成熟進步，which can be called initiation journey.

Freemasonry initiation

(3) In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman, novel of formation, novel of education, or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which, therefore, character change is extremely important.

e.g. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship--by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

(4) Goethe's Faust is a tragic play in two parts usually known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two. Although rarely staged in its entirety, it is the play with the largest audience numbers on German-language stages. Faust is Goethe's magnum opus and considered by many to be one of the greatest works of German literature.

4. Important Quotations Explained(from Sparknotes)

(1)Tom was a glittering hero once more—the pet of the old, the envy of the young. His name even went into immortal print, for the village paper magnified him.There were some that believed he would be President, yet, if he escaped hanging.

The community’s assessment of Tom in Chapter 24, after his testimony against Injun Joe, implicitly acknowledges the close relationship between Tom’s misbehavior and his heroism. If Tom had not sneaked out at night to carouse in the cemetery with Huck, he would never have been present to witness Dr. Robinson’s murder—as by all rights he should not have been. Tom’s consistently bold and risky behavior puts him in the position to save the day. Distinguishing himself from the conventional, run-of-the-mill behavior that is accepted as the standard in his community is an achievement that cuts both ways, as it makes Tom exceptional in both the good and the bad sense: an extreme character like his is bound to lead either to greatness or to ignominy; as the town puts it, he either will become president or hang.

(2)Huck Finn’s wealth and the fact that he was now under the Widow Douglas’s protection introduced him into society no, dragged him into it, hurled him into it—and his sufferings were almost more than he could bear. The widow’s servants kept him clean and neat, combed and brushed….He had to eat with knife and fork; he had to use napkin, cup, and plate; he had to learn his book, he had to go to church; he had to talk so properly that speech was become insipid in his mouth;whithersoever he turned, the bars and shackles of civilization shut him in and bound him hand and foot.

This passage from Chapter 35 is perhaps the clearest description of the way Huck’s life changes after the Widow Douglas takes him in. Though told by the narrator rather than by Huck himself, the passage nevertheless renders the situation as it appears through Huck’s eyes. This technique—rendering a limited, childish point of view as though it were objective—is one Twain uses throughout the novel to help us identify with the boys more than with the adults of the town. Much of the force of Twain’s heavily nostalgic narrative comes from the way it tugs at the memories most adult readers have stored away, however deeply, of what it was like to be a child. We are thus able to view the events of the novel from a double perspective: from a child’s point of view and from a wider perspective that sees the limitations of that view and, most likely, its charm as well. The ordinary quality of the things the Widow Douglas compels Huck to do is meant to shock us out of our own assumptions. We realize afresh how unorthodox Huck’s life has actually been. This realization in turn forces us to contemplate more intently the way a life of normalcy could feel like a prison after a life of such radical freedom.

5. Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?(Helen of Troy)
In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy , also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world.
Her beauty inspired artists of all time to represent her, frequently as the personification of ideal beauty. Christopher Marlowe's lines from his tragedy Doctor Faustus (1604) are frequently cited: "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?" Images of her start appearing in the 7th century BC. In classical Greece, her abduction by—or elopement with—Paris was a popular motif. In medieval illustrations, this event was frequently portrayed as a seduction, whereas in Renaissance painting it is usually depicted as a rape by Paris.

6. Vocabulary and Phrases
(1) egg drop soup     蛋花湯
(2) puff                     擬聲詞（呼呼）
(3) greed                   adj. 貪婪的
(4) sneak                   v. 偷偷溜進
     swallow               v. 吞下
      nibble                 v. 小口吃
(5) pebbles               n. 小石頭
(6) pain in the ass    adj. 機車的
(7) launch                v.  出發
(8) topless                adj. 無頂的，樓塌的
(9) whitewash the fence   粉刷籬笆
(10) graveyard         n. 墓地
(11) sibling rivalry  同胞手足之爭
(12) insect               n. 昆蟲
       arthropod          截足類動物
       invertebrate      脊椎類動物
       insecticide         殺蟲類
                 謀殺
       homicide           殺人犯
       suicide              自殺     
       genocide           種族屠殺 
(13) wart                  n. 油
(14) charm               n. 魔力，幸運符
(15) white trash       窮苦的白人
(16) keep sth from   不要找到......
(17) spill                  v. 灑
(18) claim(baggage claim) 機場取行李的地方
(19) pirate               v./n. 海盜
        parrot              n. 鸚鵡
       There was a parrot on a pirate's shoulder.
       April apple
       fake cake
       fat cat
       ten eggs
(20) suspect            v. 可疑
            to look
(21) encounter(面對)   遭遇
       變成強有力的動詞

English Children's Literature(Week Fifteen)

2015.12.24
Week 15: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz



1. Introduction
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is an American children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow, originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17, 1900. It has since been reprinted on numerous occasions, most often under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the popular 1902 Broadway musical as well as the iconic 1939 musical film adaptation.
The story chronicles the adventures of a young farm girl named Dorothy in the magical Land of Oz, after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their Kansas home by a cyclone.The novel is one of the best-known stories in American literature and has been widely translated. The Library of Congress has declared it "America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale." Its groundbreaking success and the success of the Broadway musical adapted from the novel led Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books that serve as official sequels to the first story.

2.Something about the Story

(1)Oz--Dorothy believes he would grant them wishes.

*The origin of the name Oz is from the letter card. (A--O   P--Z)                                                  

(2)Dorothy wants go home.

    The Scarecrow wants to get a brain.

    The Tin Woodman wants a heart.

    The Cowardly Lion wants courage.

3. L. Frank Baum
Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919), better known by his pen name L. Frank Baum, was an American author chiefly known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He wrote thirteen novel sequels, nine other fantasy novels, and a host of other works (55 novels in total, plus four "lost works", 83 short stories, over 200 poems, an unknown number of scripts,and many miscellaneous writings), and made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen. His works anticipated such century-later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high risk, action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of advertising on clothing (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).

3. The Wizard of Oz(film)
The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical comedy-drama fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and the most well-known and commercially successful adaptation based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. The film co-stars Terry the dog, billed as Toto; Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke, and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin and Clara Blandick, and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins.

*Judy Garland (June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969), born Frances Ethel Gumm, was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. She was renowned for her vocals and attained international stardom which continued throughout a career that spanned more than 40 years as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist, and on concert stages. Respected for her versatility, she received a Juvenile Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award, as well as Grammy Awards and a Special Tony Award.

4. George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw was a a Nobel-Prize and Oscar-winning Irish playwright, critic and socialist whose influence on Western theatre, culture and politics stretched from the 1880s to his death in 1950. Originally earning his way as an influential London music and theatre critic, Shaw's greatest gift was for the modern drama. Strongly influenced by Henrik Ibsen, he successfully introduced a new realism into English-language drama. He wrote more than 60 plays, among them Man and Superman, Mrs. Warren's Profession, Major Barbara, Saint Joan, Caesar and Cleopatra, and Pygmalion. With his range from biting contemporary satire to historical allegory, Shaw became the leading comedy dramatist of his generation and one of the most important playwrights in the English language since the 17th century.

*Pygmalion (play)

• Pygmalion is a play by George Bernard Shaw, named after a Greek mythological character. It was first presented on stage to the public in 1913 as My Fair Lady .
• Professor of phonetics Henry Higgins makes a bet that he can train a bedraggled Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, to pass for a duchess at an ambassador's garden party by teaching her to assume a veneer of gentility, the most important element of which, he believes, is impeccable speech. The play is a sharp lampoon of the rigid British class system of the day and a commentary on women's independence.
• In ancient Greek mythology, Pygmalion fell in love with one of his sculptures, which then came to life.Pygmalion and Galatea
• Galatea& Bicentennial Man (film)
• The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

My Fair Lady(film)

5. Marcel Proust 往事追憶錄
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust  was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier translated as Remembrance of Things Past, published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest authors of all time.

*Remembrance of Things Past
His most prominent work, it is known both for its length and its theme of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine" which occurs early in the first volume. It gained fame in English in translations by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin as Remembrance of Things Past, but the title In Search of Lost Time, a literal rendering of the French, has gained usage since D. J. Enright adopted it for his revised translation published in 1992.

Volume Five: The Prisoner

6. Songs
(1) Somewhere Over The Rainbow 

Somewhere over the rainbow

Way up high

There's a land that I heard of

Once in a lullaby

Somewhere over the rainbow

Skies are blue

And the dreams that you dare to dream

Really do come true

Some day I'll wish upon a star

And wake up where the clouds are far behind me

Where troubles melt like lemondrops

Away above the chimney tops

That's where you'll find me

Somewhere over the rainbow

Bluebirds fly

Birds fly over the rainbow

Why then, oh why can't I?

Some day I'll wish upon a star

And wake up where the clouds are far behind me

Where troubles melt like lemondrops

Away above the chimney tops

That's where you'll find me

Somewhere over the rainbow

Bluebirds fly

Birds fly over the rainbow

Why then, oh why can't I?

If happy little bluebirds fly

Beyond the rainbow

Why, oh why can't I?

(2)Have Yourself  a Merry Little Christmas

"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", a song written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, was introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis.
*Meet Me in St. Louis is a 1944 musical film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer which tells the story of an American family living in St. Louis at the time of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair in 1904. The picture stars Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart, and Joan Carroll.

7. Vocabulary and Phrases
(1) vugular       adj. 晶簇的
(2) secular        adj.世俗的
(3) religious     adj. 宗教的
(4) wizard        n. 男巫
(5) gifted          adj. 有天賦的
(6) hollow         adj. 空的
(7) warm-hearted   adj. 熱心的
(8) illustrator   n. 插畫家
(9) initial          adj.最初的
(10) rule over   分封
(11) by virtue of  由於
(12) ruby          n. 紅寶石
(13) triumphantly  adv. 成功地
(14) broom       n. 掃把
(15) terrier       n. 一種活潑的小狗
(16) drop          n. 喉糖
(17) bough       n. 蝴蝶結
(18) rainbow   n. 彩虹
                彎的
(19) holy          adj. 神聖的
(20) jolly          adj. 開心的
(21) lads and lasses    蘇格蘭小男孩和小女孩
(22) frightful    adj. 可怕的
(23) headless of   不在意

English Children's Literature(Week Fourteen)

12.17.2015
Week 14: Hans Christian Andersen


1. Introduction
Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersen is best remembered for his fairy tales. Andersen's popularity is not limited to children; his stories, called eventyr in Danish, or "fairy-tales" in English, express themes that transcend age and nationality.
Andersen's fairy tales, which have been translated into more than 125 languages, have become culturally embedded in the West's collective consciousness, readily accessible to children, but presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers as well. Some of his most famous fairy tales include "The Little Mermaid", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Nightingale", "The Emperor's New Clothes" and many more. His stories have inspired plays, ballets, and both live-action and animated films.

* Mendelssohn(Andersen's good friend)--Felix Mendelssohn,was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. His work is known as happiness.

2. "The Ugly Duckling"
"The Ugly Duckling" is a literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen. The story tells of a homely little bird born in a barnyard who suffers abuse from the others around him until, much to his delight (and to the surprise of others), he matures into a beautiful swan, the most beautiful bird of all. The story is beloved around the world as a tale about personal transformation for the better. "The Ugly Duckling" was first published 11 November 1843 with three other tales by Andersen in Copenhagen, Denmark to great critical acclaim. The tale has been adapted to various media including opera, musical, and animated film. The tale is completely Andersen's invention and owes no debt to fairy tales or folklore.

*duckling:little duck



3. "The Nightingale"
"The Nightingale"  is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about an emperor who prefers the tinkling of a bejeweled mechanical bird to the song of a real nightingale. When the Emperor is near death, the nightingale's song restores his health. Well received upon its publication in Copenhagen in 1843 in New Fairy Tales, the tale is believed to have been inspired by the author's unrequited love for opera singer Jenny Lind, the "Swedish nightingale". The story has been adapted to opera, ballet, musical play, television drama and animated film.

*Jenny Lind was a Swedish opera singer, often known as the "Swedish Nightingale". One of the most highly regarded singers of the 19th century, she performed in soprano roles in opera in Sweden and across Europe, and undertook an extraordinarily popular concert tour of America beginning in 1850. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music from 1840.

Jenny Lind and Rudolf Walin (song)

4. "The Red Shoes"
"The Red Shoes" is a fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen first published by C.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen 7 April 1845 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. Third Collection. 1845. (Nye Eventyr. Første Bind. Tredie Samling. 1845.). Other tales in the volume include "The Elf Mound" (Elverhøi), "The Jumpers" (Springfyrene), "The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" (Hyrdinden og Skorstensfejeren), and "Holger Danske" (Holger Danske).

5. 英英字典推薦
(1) (Macmillan English Dictionaries, Merrian-Website Online)
(2) 政黨「輪替」用哪個詞

• change  fundamental but not precise
• alter      來來回回（時間）         
•               alternative n./adj   Is there an alternative?/Is there an alternative plan?
•               alternation, alternating current(交流電）
• rotate   rotation       大家輪流打掃教室，下週換你。
• shift      automobile  張小姐從業務部換到公關部門。（沒有輪流，也沒有來來回回）
• switch   v./n/ on and off(開關） 你們兩個互換位子好嗎？（兩個都有位子）

(3)字源初步

• monogamy
• bicycle
• triangle(trigonometry)三角學
•                        n.
• quarter(quatrain)
• pentagon (pentameter)
•            星                測量
• octopus(Augustus, Octave)
• November (innovation)
•  新        

6. 五段論
Introduction+ Supporting evidence+ Conclusion

7. How to Take Great Notes?
(1) conclusions
    Q: central themes
    A: ...
(2) color pens
(3) review

8. Vocabulary and Phrases
(1) peculiarity       n. 怪癖
(2) attend              v. 出席；照顧
      attend school
      attend meeting
(3) pursue             v. 追求
      pursuit             n.
(4) approximately adv.大約地
(5) xerox copy      靜電複印本
(6) c.c= carbon copy
(7) play the lead   演主角
      lead                 頭條新聞
(8) rotation            n. 變化
(9) party alternation  政黨選舉
(10) astronaut       n. 宇航員
        astronomy    n. 天文學
        astrology       n. 占星術
(11) foul language
(12) prolific          adj. 多產的
         多
(13) predatory      adj. 掠奪的
        prey              v. 吃；捕食
(14) be obliged to  被迫
(15) barefoot        adj. 赤腳的
(16) clumsy          adj. 窘迫的
(17) confirm
        confirmation  見證禮